Weather
Weather can be a big influence on the difficulty of a mission. Varying levels of adverse weather can be a good way to increase the difficulty without requiring a lot of work.
Random Weather
By default, the weather in the mission is random, but influenced by the location and date of the mission. Leaving the weather unchanged is fine for most missions, as it won't ever be too bad and increase the difficulty too much.
Setting the Weather
When you do want to make an easier or harder mission, you can set the weather to be more or less adverse. Adding rain or fog will reduce the players' ability to see and / or hear the enemy.
You can set the mission to start clear and worsen over time, or start bad and improve over time, depending on the type of mission you are making.
Keeping it Realistic and Reasonable
It is important to keep the weather realistic and reasonable. Arma does not play well when the weather is too bad. Very heavy fog is unreasonable and will make the mission for frustrating than fun. Certain mission types are also not suited for adverse weather, such as search and rescue, finding something hidden, or getting ambushed. In reality, missions would be postponed if the weather was too bad.